National Family Health Survey-5:
- NFHS-5 reveals
overall improvement of health indicators for comparing to those of NFHS-4
estimates for 131 indicators.
- The all India estimates for these 131
indicators was released in two phases covering all States and Union
Territories and their districts.
o
what is NFHS?
The NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative
sample of households throughout India.
o
Why NFHS >
o NFHS-5 data will be
useful in setting benchmarks and examining the progress the health sector has
made over time.
· Besides providing
evidence for the effectiveness of ongoing programmes, the data from NFHS-5 help
in identifying the need for new programmes with an area specific focus and
identifying groups that are most in need of essential services.
· It provides an
indicator for tracking 30 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that the country
aims to achieve by 2030.
o NFHS-5 includes
some new topics, such as preschool education, disability, access to a
toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during menstruation,
and methods and reasons for abortion.
· NFHS-5 includes new
focal areas that will give requisite input for strengthening existing
programmes and evolving new strategies for policy intervention. The areas are:
· Expanded domains of
child immunization
· Components of
micro-nutrients to children
· Menstrual hygiene
· Frequency of
alcohol and tobacco use
· Additional
components of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
· Expanded age ranges
for measuring hypertension and diabetes among all aged 15 years and above.
o In 2019, for the
first time, the NFHS-5 sought details on the percentage of women and men who
have ever used the Internet.
Key Findings of
NFHS-5
§ Sex Ratio: NFHS-5 data shows
that there were 1,020 women for 1000 men in the country in 2019-2021.
o This is the highest
sex ratio for any NFHS survey as well as since the first modern synchronous
census conducted in 1881.
o In the 2005-06
NFHS, the sex ratio was 1,000 or women and men were equal in number.
§ Sex Ratio at Birth: For the first
time in India, between 2019-21, there were 1,020 adult women per 1,000 men.
o However, the data
shall not undermine the fact that India still has a sex ratio at birth (SRB)
more skewed towards boys than the natural SRB (which is 952 girls per 1000
boys).
o Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Odisha, Maharashtra are the major states with low SRB.
§ Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The TFR has
also come down below the threshold at which the population is expected to
replace itself from one generation to next.
o TFR was 2 in
2019-2021, just below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1.
· In rural areas, the
TFR is still 2.1.
· In urban areas, TFR
had gone below the replacement fertility rate in the 2015-16 NFHS itself.
o A decline in TFR,
which implies that a lower number of children are being born, also entails that
India’s population would become older.
o The survey shows
that the share of under-15 population in the country has therefore further
declined from 28.6% in 2015-16 to 26.5% in 2019-21.
§ Children’s Nutrition: Child Nutrition
indicators show a slight improvement at all-India level as Stunting has
declined from 38% to 36%, wasting from 21% to 19% and underweight from 36% to
32% at all India level.
o In all phase-II
States/UTs the situation has improved in respect of child nutrition but the
change is not significant as drastic changes in respect of these indicators are
unlikely in a short span period.
· The share of
overweight children has increased from 2.1% to 3.4%.
§ Anaemia: The incidence
of anaemia in under-5 children (from 58.6 to 67%), women (53.1 to 57%) and men
(22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is
considered moderate).
o Barring Kerala (at
39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
§ Immunization: Full
immunization drive among children aged 12-23 months has recorded substantial
improvement from 62% to 76% at all-India level.
o 11 out of 14
States/UTs have more than three-fourth of children aged 12-23 months with fully
immunization and it is highest (90%) for Odisha.
§ Institutional Births: Institutional
births have increased substantially from 79% to 89% at all-India Level.
o Institutional
delivery is 100% in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu and more than 90% in 7 States/UTs
out of 12 Phase II States/UTs.
o Along with an
increase in institutional births, there has also been a substantial increase in
C-section deliveries in many States/UTs especially inprivate health facilities.
· It calls into
question unethical practices of private health providers who prioritise
monetary gain over women’s health and control over their bodies.
§ Family Planning: Overall
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) has increased substantially from 54% to 67%
at all-India level and in almost all Phase-II States/UTswith an exception of
Punjab.
o Use of modern
methods of contraceptives has also increased in almost all States/UTs.
o Unmet needs of
family Planning have witnessed a significant decline from13% to 9% at all-India
level and in most of the Phase-II States/UTs.
o The unmet need for
spacing which remained a major issue in India in the past has come down to less
than 10% in all the States except Jharkhand (12%), Arunachal Pradesh (13%) and
Uttar Pradesh(13%).
§ Breastfeeding to Children's: Exclusive
breastfeeding to children under age 6 months has shown an improvement in
all-India level from 55% in 2015-16 to 64% in 2019-21. All the phase-II
States/UTs are also showing considerable progress.
§ Women Empowerment: Women's
empowerment indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and
across all the phase-II States/UTs.
o Significant
progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women
operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
o More than 70% of
women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank
accounts.
Key Terms
§ Total Fertility Rate (TFR) indicates the
average number of children expected to be born to a woman during her reproductive
span of 15-49 years.
o The replacement level is the number of children needed to replace the parents, after accounting for fatalities, skewed sex ratio, infant mortality, etc. Population starts falling below this level.
§ Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) is the proportion of women who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is currently using, at least one method of contraception, regardless of the method being used.
o It is reported as a percentage with reference to women of respective marital status and age group.
§ Sex ratio at birth (SRB) is defined as the number of female births per 1,000 male births. The SRB is a key indicator of a son's preference vis-à-vis daughters.
§ Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation.
o It is the result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition, usually associated with poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness and/or inappropriate feeding and care in early life.
§ Wasting is defined as low weight-for-height. It often indicates recent and severe weight loss, although it can also persist for a long time. Wasting in children is associated with a higher risk of death if not treated properly.
§ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the ‘number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year per 1000 live births for a given year.
o The country’s average IMR stands at 32 per 1,000 live births which includes an average 36 deaths for rural and 23 for urban areas.
Comments
Post a Comment